Cell Phone Safety Essay Example For Students

PDA Safety Essay The utilization of phones has spread like out of control fire over the most recent ten years. It has become a piece of regular daily existence for some American residents, and a decent number of individuals rely upon them to complete day by day activities. Tragically, a large number of these day by day tasks happen while the individual is driving. Accordingly, numerous mishaps have occurred over the most recent ten years because of the utilization of PDAs while out and about. This persuades if individuals cannot focus out and about while chatting on a phone they shouldnt talk at all while driving. Instead of limiting access, the objective ought to be to give in-vehicle data frameworks and more secure intends to utilizing your PDA while driving. I comprehend that limiting mobile phone use while driving all together isnt the best way to taking care of the issue. Numerous great viewpoints originate from cell use in the vehicle. For instance, mishaps get answered to 911 quickly, traffic refreshes happen all the more frequently on the grounds that residents get back to and report ups, and drivers who should be removed the street in view of being inebriated or downright careless will be found faster and simpler. I do, in any case, accept that more security safety measures should be taken for people who will chat on their telephones while driving. Telephones are being made by Erricson, Motorolla, and Nokia today in which offer a without hands mobile phone so you can keep two hands on the wheel while driving and talking. A portion of these come as headsets and give the client a voice actuated grouping, which permits you to talk into the speaker, and the number will in a flash be dialed. All prepared this has disposed of the opportunity of your hands being off the haggle the demonstration of dialing the telephone. Both which permit you to keep your hands on the haggle out and about. One of the latest headways in cell innovation originates from Brightcell Technologies. It is known as the Triflex sans hands telephone unit. The Triflex transforms your wireless into a speakerphone. It works by connecting a DC connector to your vehicles cigarette lighter or electrical plug. You place your telephone in the support of the pack and an exceptional connector in the base revives your unit, sparing battery power and changing over your discussions into speakerphone mode. Due to lacking detailing, there is deficient information to show the size of wellbeing issues identifying with the utilization of mobile phones. This is on the grounds that lone two states have an area on mishap reports devoted to climate or not a PDA was available in the vehicle at the hour of the mishap. Minnesota and Oklahoma are the two states wherein have gotten better than average records on the security related issues with wireless use while driving. In only one year the quantity of mishaps identifying with mobile phone utilize expanded in Oklahoma by 26.5 %. Driver obliviousness is the most as often as possible distinguished factor among cell phone clients. The following most as often as possible noted conditions are inability to yield and following excessively close. In view of these realities alone, it is anything but difficult to see that mobile phones and driving dont blend to well. Until we have more security highlights given to us that accompany phones, we shouldnt blen d the two. In perusing the site An examination of the Safety Implications of Wireless Communications in Vehicles, I discovered that the wellbeing implies fundamental in accomplishing safe driving while at the same time chatting on the telephone could be cultivated through the utilization of good building and human components configuration practice. The suggestions made were as per the following: Improving information assortment and announcing, improving customer training, starting an expansive scope of exploration to all the more likely characterize and comprehend the issue, tending to issues related with utilization of mobile phones from vehicles to get to crisis administrations, empowering requirement of existing state laws to address unmindful driving conduct, and in conclusion, utilizing the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) and instrumented vehicles to examine ideal driver/vehicle interfaces. In the event that most of these suggestions were made, driving while at the same time uti lizing your remote innovation would be a lot simpler and more secure. Numerous mishaps could be saved if just the best possible security safety measures would be made. .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d , .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d .postImageUrl , .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d , .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d:hover , .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d:visited , .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d:active { border:0!important; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d:active , .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d:hover { obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u754e696a955d9efc0 b0df619a4ece85d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u754e696a955d9efc0b0df619a4ece85d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Italy Persuasive EssayIn end, in light of the fast development and interest for mobile phones a lot more mishaps are happening day by day. Mobile phone use in vehicles fill some great needs as well and have become a piece of life to certain people, so its easy to see that we cant simply forbid them from vehicles all together. In any case, it doesnt imply that we cannot make more prominent strides in the headway of security highlights for remote administrations in those equivalent people vehicles. On the off chance that the entirety of the proposals made before occurred, at that point individuals could chat on their telephone while d riving and be totally sheltered from their past blemishes in carelessness. Reference index:

Community Capacity Building Strategies | Evaluation

Network Capacity Building Strategies | Evaluation The article laid out underneath is an assessment of the achievement or in any case of the Community Capacity Building programs inside the United Kingdom. The first reasons for all the Community Capacity Building programs in Britain was to expand the measure of social lodging and furthermore network based offices really accessible for those individuals that need the most. The Community Capacity Building programs in Britain are as will be analyzed planned to augment the degree of nearby recovery or restoration through the more prominent arrangement of social lodging and network offices without fundamentally developing enormous quantities of new reason manufactured structures. The assessment will try to effectively analyze the instances of good practice just as the instances of where the Community Capacity Building programs have either turned out badly totally or have neglected to satisfy hopes. The Community Capacity Building programs as will be inspected are primarily moved in regions with higher quantities of dark and ethnic minority local gatherings, for example, Birmingham, London, Manchester, and Glasgow. The over all goals of the Community Capacity Building programs is to improve the circumstance in nearby networks inside the provincial and urban zones with the best requirement for monetary recovery and recharging to be accomplished. It was foreseen that such monetary recovery or restoration would fortify neighborhood networks and accordingly proceed to upgrade their social cohesion.[1] The capacity of the Community Capacity Building programs was to develop the most financially denied nearby networks from a social perspective simultaneously as recovering their physical condition by redesigning existing structures and offices. The New Labor government additionally respected the Community Capacity Building programs as being associated with the other financial and social recovery just as restoration conspires that it brought subsequent to coming into office in 1997.[2] It was the New Labor government that acquired the Community Capacity Building programs all through the entire of the United Kingdom. The Community Capacity Building programs were directed diversely in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales because of the New Labor government bringing devolution into Scotland and Wales.[3] To an enormous degree the Community Capacity Building programs were respected by the New Labor government as being complimentary to the previously existing just as the proposed recovery and reestablishment plans, for example, the Regional Development Corporations and the New Deal for Communities projects.[4] Indeed simply like the New Deal for Communities extends the Community Capacity Building programs were set up so as to permit neighborhood networks to have an important contribution to the recovery and restoration conspires really conveyed out.[5] The New Labor government trusted that the association of nearby networks in the dynamic procedure of the Community Capacity Building projects would cause such neighborhood networks to feel increasingly appended to those projects. Because of the Community Capacity Building programs being focused towards the battling of destitution and social rejection inside the most denied nearby networks these projects have included a high level of interest from dark and ethnic minority network groups.[6] Despite the Community Capacity Building programs all having comparative authoritative systems just as the equivalent over all destinations there have been contrasts in the adequacy and furthermore the presentation have gotten evident. There have been acceptable, uninterested, just as awful practices can be recognized from those Community Capacity Building programs which have been executed in the United Kingdom.[7] There have unquestionably great practices, which have been followed in the execution of the best of the Community Capacity Building programs did inside the United Kingdom. These great practices could likewise be followed in the Community Capacity Building programs that have obviously fizzled or underachieved just as assisting with molding the structure and association of future recovery or restoration programmes.[8] All of the Community Capacity Building programs expect to expand the measure of social capital accessible inside denied neighborhood networks, for example, those in Birmingham, London, Manchester, and Glasgow while simultaneously appearing to offer individuals better chances. The Community Capacity Building programs are there to give individuals in denied regions the offices and furthermore the administrations that assists with improving the over all nature of their lives other than helping the recovery and the recharging of their nearby communities.[9] The entirety of the Community Capacity Building projects to contrasting degrees include willful area associations just as neighborhood local gatherings. It can convincingly contended that the Community Capacity Building programs that have worked the best are the ones that have included however many deliberate area associations and nearby local gatherings as could reasonably be expected in choosing the recovery and recharging plans that will be done. For the Community Capacity Building programs the troublesome piece of including a higher number of intentional part associations and nearby local gatherings is that in can confuse the dynamic procedure, and in this way extend the all out time taken to completely execute the recovery and reestablishment extends in the end concurred upon.[10] The perfect great practice for the Community Capacity Building projects to accomplish would be to adequately co-ordinate all the significant willful segment associations and neighborhood local gatherings so as to guarantee the recovery and the restoration ventures are done immediately, and that such activities are done effectively. The hierarchical key to accomplishing the expected recovery and recharging ventures is to ostensibly just to include the most significant intentional segment associations and neighborhood local gatherings that will have a section to play in guaranteeing the achievement of the Community Capacity Building programs in any close by areas.[11] Rural zones that have profited by the presentation of these projects included Teesdale and East Northamptonshire.[12] At the point when it comes down to the fruitful finish of any of the Community Capacity Building programs great practice has exhibited the estimation of just including the most pertinent of the deliberate part associations and neighborhood local gatherings. These are the associations and the gatherings that are expected to begin and afterward finish the picked recovery and reestablishment extends recently consented to. In the denied territories of the United Kingdom wherein the deliberate segment associations and nearby local gatherings have precisely coordinating, or in reality comparable viewpoints it has end up being simpler to concur over the recovery and recharging ventures they wish to actualize. There is the recovery and the reestablishment extends that will increase the value of the specific neighborhood, enhancements that they have made conceivable in any case. In the denied regions wherein the deliberate division associations and nearby local gatherings have co-worked in th e Community Capacity Building programs it has appeared that achievement has been most likely.[13] It has been accepted that the intentional area associations and nearby local gatherings that are most significant are those which speak to dark and ethnic minority networks and they will consequently also collectively concede to the recovery and the restoration ventures they have to completely actualize. Consistent or exhaustive help for recovery and restoration activities will permit the Community Capacity Building programs that excited intentional division associations and nearby local gatherings are a piece of to be increasingly fruitful. It is intelligent to contend that the Community Capacity Building programs that have worked the most adequately have been the ones that have figured out how to increase wide-running understanding between the differing deliberate segment associations and nearby local gatherings engaged with the dynamic process.[14] Examples of effective projects have included Canning Town Outlook just as the Secret Garden in Highgate Newtown.[15] Maybe the most ideal method of acquiring great practice in the usage and furthermore the running of the Community Capacity Building programs is to embrace a few recovery and restoration extends so as to address the issues of whatever number deliberate part associations and neighborhood local gatherings as could reasonably be expected. Anyway to amplify the social worth accomplished due consideration must be taken to ensure that lone suitable recovery and reestablishment ventures are received. It is acceptable practice to choose suitable recovery and restoration extends as opposed to just deciding to spend alarm assets on ventures that are reasonably un-feasible, and will along these lines not increment social capital, or to be sure increment financial just as social chances. The accomplishment of good practice is to ensure that the recovery and furthermore the recharging ventures completed are the most ideal utilization of constrained spending plans. The willful segment associations and neighborhood local gatherings that are given prompt by different associations, government offices, and furthermore nearby specialists can likewise settle on preferred choices over those that are not given sound exhort. Anyway not the entirety of the Community Capacity Building programs have been a triumph when it comes down to the accomplishment of their targets corresponding to the full usage of recovery and recharging ventures. The disappointment or the underachievement of a portion of the Community Capacity Building programs is much of the time because of the poor works on identifying with the dynamic procedures, which imply that the intentional area associations and nearby local gatherings don't co-work with one another adequately.

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Campbell Harvey, Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Campbell Harvey, Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they select a program to attend, but the educational experience at business school is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on Campbell Harvey from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. Multiple students interviewed by mbaMission described Campbell Harvey (“Global Asset Allocation” and “Emerging Markets Corporate Finance”), known as simply “Cam,” as an “amazing” professor, and one second year remarked that “he alone should give Fuqua a place in the top ten as a go-to school for finance.” Harvey has published more than 100 scholarly articles, is editor of The Journal of Finance and serves on both the board of directors and the executive committee for the American Finance Association. His hypertextual finance glossaryâ€"which includes more than 8,000 entries and 18,000 hyperlinksâ€"has been covered, linked to and cited by the New York Times, Forbes, Bloomberg, the Washington Post, CNNMoney and Yahoo. In addition, Harvey coauthored the book version of The New York Times Dictionary of Money and Investing: The Essential A-to-Z Guide to the Language of the New Market, published in 2002 (Times Books), with Pulitzer Prizeâ€"winner Gretchen Morgenson. An alumnus mbaMission interviewed said that Harvey was “one of the best professors I had,” adding that he is “very tough, very brilliant and very good at explaining things.” For more information about Duke Fuqua and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Campbell Harvey, Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they select a program to attend, but the educational experience at business school is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on Campbell Harvey from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. Multiple students interviewed by mbaMission described Campbell Harvey (“Global Asset Allocation” and “Emerging Markets Corporate Finance”), known as simply “Cam,” as an “amazing” professor, and one second-year remarked that “he alone should give Fuqua a place in the top ten as a go-to school for finance.” Harvey has published more than 100 scholarly articles, is editor of The Journal of Finance  and serves on both the board of directors and the executive committee for the American Finance Association. His hypertextual finance glossaryâ€"which includes more than 8,000 entries and 18,000 hyperlinksâ€"has been covered, linked to, and cited by the New York Times, Forbes, Bloomberg, the Washington Post, CNNMoney, and Yahoo. In addition, Harvey coauthored the book version of The New York Times Dictionary of Money and Investing: The Essential A-to-Z Guide to the Language of the New Market, published in 2002 (Times Books), with Pulitzer Prizeâ€"winner Gretchen Morgenson. An alumnus mbaMission interviewed said that Harvey was “one of the best professors I had,” adding that he is “very tough, very brilliant and very good at explaining things.” For more information about Duke Fuqua and 14 other top-ranked business schools, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) Professor Profiles

Craig v. Boren - Intermediate Scrutiny Case

In Craig v. Boren, the U.S. Supreme Court established a new standard of judicial review, intermediate scrutiny, for laws with gender-based classifications. The 1976 decision involved an Oklahoma law that prohibited the sale of beer with 3.2% (non-intoxicating) alcohol content to males under age 21 while permitting the sale of such low-alcohol beer to females over the age of 18. Craig v. Boren ruled that the gender classification violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. Curtis Craig was the plaintiff, a resident of Oklahoma who was over the age of 18 but under 21 at the time the suit was filed. David Boren was the defendant, who was governor of Oklahoma at the time the case was filed. Craig sued Boren in a federal district court, alleging that the law violated the Equal Protection Clause. The district court had upheld the state statute, finding evidence that such gender-based discrimination was justified because of gender-based differences in arrests and traffic injuries caused by males and females ages 18 to 20. Thus, the court held that there was justification on the basis of safety for discrimination. Fast Facts: Craig v. Boren Case Argued: Oct. 5, 1976Decision Issued: Dec. 20, 1976Petitioner: Curtis Craig, a male who was over 18 but under 21, and Carolyn Whitener, an Oklahoma alcohol vendorRespondent: David Boren, Governor of OklahomaKey Questions: Did an Oklahoma statute violate the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause by establishing different drinking ages for men and women?Majority Decision: Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell, StevensDissenting: Burger, RehnquistRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that the statute violated the 14th Amendment by making unconstitutional gender classifications. Intermediate Scrutiny: a  New Standard The case is significant to feminism because of the intermediate scrutiny standard. Prior to Craig v. Boren, there had been much debate about whether sex-based classifications or gender classifications, were subject to strict scrutiny or mere rational basis review. If gender became subject to strict scrutinies, like race-based classifications, then laws with gender classifications would have to be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest. But the Supreme Court was reluctant to add gender as another suspect class, along with race and national origin. Laws that did not involve a suspect classification were subject only to rational basis review, which asks whether the law is rationally related to a legitimate government interest.​ Three Tiers Are a Crowd? After several cases in which the Court seemed to apply a higher scrutiny than rational basis without really calling it heightened scrutiny, Craig v. Boren finally made clear that there was a third tier. Intermediate scrutiny falls between strict scrutiny and rational basis. Intermediate scrutiny is used for sex discrimination or gender classifications. Intermediate scrutiny asks whether the laws gender classification is substantially related to an important governmental objective.Justice William Brennan authored the opinion in Craig v. Boren, with Justices White, Marshall, Powell and Stevens concurring, and Blackmun joining in most of the opinion.  They found that the state had not shown a substantial connection between the statute and the benefits alleged and that statistics were insufficient to establish that connection.  Thus, the state had not shown that gender discrimination substantially served a government purpose (in this case, safety).  Blackmuns concurring opinion arg ued that the higher, strict scrutiny, a standard was met. Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justice William Rehnquist wrote dissenting opinions, criticizing the Courts creation of an acknowledgment of a third tier, and arguing that the law could stand on the rational basis argument. They remained opposed to establishing the new standard of intermediate scrutiny.  Rehnquists dissent argued that a liquor vendor who had joined the suit (and the majority opinion accepted such standing) had no constitutional standing as his own constitutional rights were not threatened.Edited and with additions by   Jone Johnson Lewis

Origins of Madness in Humans Essay - 1251 Words

No person is inherently mad; humans have caused other humans to drown their own sanity which can then submerge that person into an ocean of madness. Historically, madness had become a common occurrence with women due to several stress factors they must endure on a daily basis: finding a husband, baring children, raising children, find a suitable job, retaining femininity, and more. Authors Charlotte Gilman and Jhumpa Lahiri explored the psyche of two women who were facing very stressful situations. Gilman’s The Yellow-Wallpaper, introduces her readers to an unnamed nineteenth century woman who is slowly falling into madness. The protagonist must endure the â€Å"rest cure† where she must live without artistic expression, human contact, or†¦show more content†¦Women of the 19th century were under constant restraint due to how men believed they should act in society. Women were not allowed to have jobs that men did not believe they were suitable for. However wom en were allowed to take up jobs such as being servants, house wives, farmers, tailors, or school teachers. Although these jobs were available to women it was up to the men to decide if a woman could partake in such careers; men were the alphas of any household and had complete control over women. Many women turned towards the arts to find purpose in their lives and to keep themselves occupied, but even then men would find ways to retrain their creativity. Female characters suffered the effects of isolation brought on by constant oppression driving them insane. The views of women in early literature were being ignored by the men and society. â€Å"If a woman happened to aspire for such features like independence, self- sufficiency and self-fulfillment, which were reserved only for nineteenth century men, this woman is considered selfish, unwomanly, and unchristian† (Muhi, p.3). Women of the 19th century who refused to abide by the social norms, what is called â€Å"the Cult o f True Woman,† would be labeled as being hysterical. 19th century feminist writers would usually portray their protagonist characters as females who are mentally unstable. These portrayals of mad women would be used to depict the struggles that woman of the Victorian timeShow MoreRelated Justice in William Shakespeares King Lear Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesJustice in William Shakespeares King Lear The question of the origin of true, virtuous, and impartial justice has plagued mankind over the millennia and continues to do so today. In Shakespeare’s King Lear two potential forms of justice predominate: human examination through trial and divine supernatural recourse. Both systems emerge fundamentally flawed in practice, however, and by the end of the play a world of unjust chaos reigns supreme. 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Colorado School Of Public Health - 1193 Words

Omer Selim Personal Statement Colorado School of Public Health Degree Objective: MPH Public Health is an interesting topic. Many people may not understand the purpose of Public health, it is a fairly new field although it has been around since the 1800’s. Before being introduced to the the field, I was clueless and never knew such a subject existed. Going into college with dubious decisions on my major within the pre-med program I knew I wanted to help people and the society, but was unsure what to major in. During my sophomore year I was exposed to public health through a course in Epidemiology which intrigued me, the course encompassed a broad history of public health and the concept of prevention rather than treatment. The course was so fresh,live,vivid, and full of passion. I remember that day until today since it engaged me and gave me a new perspective to help people. 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Institution History Recognized as being one of the top 34 degree-granting public research institutions that belongs to the prominent Association of American Universities, the University of Colorado (CU) prides itself on providing a lasting effect on its communities through â€Å"collaborative research, innovation and entrepreneurship† (para. 1). This university consists of a system of three other public, not-for-profit universities, which are the University of Colorado at BoulderRead MoreThe Columbine Influence: How a School Shooting Affected a Nation1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe Columbine massacre was one of the deadliest school shootings in U.S. history. On April 20, 1999, high school seniors Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shot and killed 12 students, one teacher, and themselves. Twenty-five students were also injured, some very critically. 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Within 3 years 98% of the state’s systems are actively monitored using security tools in near-real time. Colorado claim a better security rating thanRead MoreA Research Study On Childhood Obesity850 Words   |  4 Pages diagnosis, cure, and prevention for this very curable disease. Pueblo Colorado has two public health issues. First is childhood obesity, and second is teenage pregnancy. Both problems have been the main focus on the city for a number of years; however, the obesity problem seems to be the greater of the two. Although this community has been highlighted for having the highest childhood obesity rate amongst all of Colorado, I believe the problem originates from the mature population and extendsRead MoreDiana Degette Of Colorado Case Analysis1211 Words   |  5 PagesSince 1997 Diana DeGette of Colorado has been representing the 1st Congressional district. For the p ast eleven years she has represented the people of her district which includes most major parts of the city of Denver including â€Å"Englewood, Littleton, Columbine, Ken Caryl, Glendale, Cherry Hills Village, and Sheridan† This district in Colorado is entirely made up by an urban population. None whites make up 30.33 percent of the population, mostly taken up by Latinos. The major industries within herRead MoreShortage In Education834 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance rate testing and underfunded schools (Klien). In Colorado, teacher pay has â€Å"declined by 7% over the past decade† (Whaley). For years, teaching primary or secondary education was considered a respectable and stable job. However, Colorado is now facing problems regarding the teacher workforce. Colorado is experiencing a labor shortage in educational school teacher positions in due the declining perception of teaching impacting the quality of the education in Colorado. The severity of this shortage

Section Leader and Drum Major free essay sample

I am applying for both section leader and drum major because I have a lot to offer in both positions in the band. I am a great leader, with a lot of maturity and know when it’s time to be serious, and when it’s time to joke around. Every day, I grow more and more with this band and leading this band as drum major, or leading the saxophones as section leader, would be an amazing accomplishment for me and I know I can do the job well. First of all, I will be putting all of my heart into this job, I’ve been in band for seven years, and I have grown with this band for two years. I know the band can reach new heights if we work hard enough. With all the changes we are making next year, we are going to need strong leaders to aid the incoming freshman and to lead the entire band throughout the year. We will write a custom essay sample on Section Leader and Drum Major or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As drum major, conducting requires a certain kind of insight and an understanding of music, which is something that I have started to develop during my seven years of playing an instrument. Addition to my experience with music as a whole, I also have three years of marching band experience. Second, I am determined to succeed, and to improve myself and the band as a whole. It’s not good enough to be satisfactory, I want to exceed expectations. I believe in hard work, and never giving up; I believe in making a little improvement every day, because there’s ALWAYS room for improvement. We had an amazing year this year, getting two superiors, but we can’t just rest. We have to keep working, thrive to be the best we can be. I want to be that person to lead this band, and push them to be the best. Lastly, my philosophy on leadership is simple: lead by example, always help, and never quit. Quitting is out of the question for me. Using excuses instead of giving your best, giving up on something (or someone), or abandoning your responsibilities are things I absolutely do not believe in. Promoting excellence in others starts with promoting it in yourself. I have found from being in the marching band that each member wants respect. I intend to give respect first and in doing that I believe I will receive it from my piers allowing this whole experience to be a perfect one.

Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar, Hip

Table of Contents Introduction The book description Book organization The book in a wider context Conclusion Works Cited Footnotes Introduction The world of hip-hop is always about ‘realness’ as artists use their artistic skills to show what really happens in their surroundings and how those around them interpret these issues. In his book ‘Hip-hop Revolution: the culture and politics of Rap’ Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar, appreciates hip-hop and confronts the myths associated with the cult of authenticity where people want to associate with this hip-hop culture by adopting certain characteristics associated with hip-hop performers such as how they walk, talk and express themselves.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar, Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He addresses in this book, the positive role the hip-hop culture has pla yed in the American society while overlooking the negative stereotypes that have been associated with hip-hop as just empty noise of angry youths just complaining about their problems and situations instead of doing something about it1. In a society that is dominated by negative stereotypes in regard to race and gender and artists trying to express a sense of how they perceive real issues about race, class and gender, how does Ogbar manage to bring out the revolution that has been experienced in the world of hip-hop. He tries to answer this by answering questions such as what it means to be real as viewed by the artists and whether truly hip-hop is disintegrating the American society. This will be addressed in this book review as we look at how the author represents his views, interpretations and research about the hip-hop culture2 The book description In this book, Ogbar explores the lyrical world of rap and displays their struggle to identify what reality is to them, and where the y belong in the class, race and gender categories and how this reality is viewed by the society in America which has not been kind at all to this genre of music. Ogbar who has been born in Chicago and raised in Los Angeles, California and has studied history and African American studies, have explored the negative black images that are associated with rap and the artist’s historical and political awareness. He has gone on to display the realities of wide spectrum rap categories such as gangsta rap represented by 50 Cent, conscious hip-hop of Mos Def and ‘underground ‘ variety of artists such as Jurassic 5 and the Roots3.Advertising Looking for book review on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He strives to face the impression that is widely held in the American society that hip-hop is anti social and dangerous due to the crime focused lyrics, antisocial messages and the politics of racial words such as â€Å"nigga† presented especially by black youths. This he does by presenting these artists views about their music and what it means to them and society and its place in the society4. Ogbar represents this book with an insider love for the culture having had numerous contacts with these artists, and in his role as an adviser to many student organizations such as Black Students Association, Break dancing club, United Men of African Descent and other community organizations, majority of who are followers of the hip-hop culture. This does not, however, obscure his role as a scholar who represents views, research and interpretations with a scholarly detachment. These two aspects makes him draw reality about popular myths about black education achievements, civic involvement, crime and sexuality in the way that has not been done before about this lifestyle that so many people in our society love to hate5. Book organization Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar writes his book, Hip-Hop Revo lution: The culture and Politics of Rap with a passion of person who deeply feels this culture while at the same time criticizing it as a detached scholar in order to bring out the real issues. He arranges his book in a thematic manner with each chapter trying to address the major arguments surrounding rap music and hip-hop culture. He addresses the dialogues on race to a major extent the gender issues and the ideas of realness in regard to reality in his chapters. His themes address the expanse of the debates surrounding them rather than their depth but all the same illustrate the narrowness in which blackness is interpreted in reality. The lack of depth in these themes is seen by some reviewers as leaving vital holes in this discussion as one critic6.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar, Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Hip-Hop Revolu tion: The culture and Politics of Rap work starts by drawing a parallel between hip-hop and other types of racial cultural creations in the United States of America, thereby showing their unmistakable link with the earlier creations of black studies as it is indicated7. In Chapter one, Ogbar describes the history of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries popular works of art including the emergence of jazz, rock and roll and the 1970s cinemas which displayed the extent of black exploitation and finally the growth of hip-hop in mid 1970s in New York City8. These are the issues that created the hip-hop culture at its basics bringing to life â€Å"the real nigga† impression as it is described in9. This eventually became a very successful commercial and financial sale figure across all racial divides. This is not described in deeper details but the author clearly outlines it was behind the successful marketing of hip-hop (p. 41). This actually saw many of these rap musician s become very successful and popular not only in America but all over the world as people wanted to identify with the black youths who are making their world better despite everything, meaning history of racial segregation and its resultants social problems. Ogbar dedicates chapter two and three to race and gender respectively. In chapter three, he talks about politics and issues associated with the racial sentimentalities such as the use of the word â€Å"nigga.† In this dissection, Ogbar says that non-black MCs use or disuse of the word â€Å"nigga† in their art is now being dictated mainly by the black people10. He discusses the use and commercialization of these expressions as the coming together of black agencies to give a black label authenticity to hip-hop. He gives a look at the Latino, Asian American and white MCs, but Potter says that in this part he fails to dig deeper in the first two instead focuses on rushing out at white MCs. He says that there is a sort of solidarity between blacks and Latinos where uttering such words as â€Å"nigga† by a Latino MC is accepted by black audiences11. Here, Ogbar contradicts Rivera’s study about the relationship between African Americans and the Puerto Ricans who states that, these relationships are always strained.Advertising Looking for book review on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ogbar does not go into details about the Asian American artist in hip-hop considering that they are not popular in this genre of music. One wonders how they represent themselves in this kind of art that is largely seen as ‘black’ in a society that looks at it in this narrow perspective let alone being accepted by its followers as real. Ogbar dedicates most of his discussion on this chapter on how white MCs try to fit in the hip-hop culture with all its stereotypes. He concludes that, they manage to negotiate this rough terrain amid responses of ‘intolerable violation’ and gives an example of Eminem in his early performances which he used words such as â€Å"nigga† but they eventually become accepted amid grudgingly12. On the gender front, Ogbar discusses the good and bad images of women in hip-hop,13 by showing the perceptions people have on female MCs who display an image of either extreme soft femininity of ‘tom boy’ picture who wants to be like the boys in this trade 14. The hip-hop culture brings out a diverse category of women who either are performers, actors or models for the hip-hop culture, but in all this women have to face strong force to contend with in marketing themselves as rappers15. This is all glued to the society’s perspective of the whole culture. Ogbar has been criticized by Johnson for his apparent oversimplification of this topic in his discussion. Johnson says that he fails to look at the uncertainties that come with video modeling for women and its implications and he also fails to answer the question of whether it has the potential to result into its future. It is also true that he would have at least given some insight into how these women are faring, and whether like their male counterparts a sign of success exists for them and whether we can look at women in hip-hop as viably marketable. He could also have given examples of their struggles to be accepted into this culture and the ir insight into the society’s view of them as a lost cause or women who want to be like their male counterparts instead of celebrating femininity in their works. Ogbar calls his fourth chapter in his work â€Å"Rebels with a cause: Gangstas, militants, Media, and the Contest for Hip-Hop†16 to show the misunderstandings that the society has about this form of art. The society displays an unfounded moral panic over hip-hop according to Ogbar, while all this time what it should address is the culture war and hypocrisies highlighted by this art. Hip-hop has raised a lot of attention mainly not because of the issues addressed but because of its supposed contribution to the downfall of today’s youths due to the indecency it displays. While Ogbar chooses to say that it is a culture of war and a lack of willingness to understand on the part of the society, I find some of the rap songs really deserving of the society’s wrath due to the content of the rhymes and vi deos that they contain. Vulgar language and dances, however, blind the society, can easily corrupt the youths especially those that have other underlying social problems. 17Ogbar, however, uses statistics to argue his point on the influence of hip-hop on youths by citing increasing graduate degrees, drop in teenage pregnancies in the last two decades and increased political awareness among the youths. Here, he wants to challenge the view that black youths are passive and uncritical listeners to national issues affecting them. Again, Ogbar fails to link clearly these statistics to the influence of rap music and the irony of their critics can also not credit bad influence of rap on the social problems the youths have been having18. The last chapter, â€Å"Locked Up: police, the Prison Industrial Complex, Black Youth, and Social Control†, Ogbar discusses the changing trends in the lyrics of rap music. He offers a strong criticism about the stories that portrays blacks as cop kil lers, but fails to look at the underlying issues in violence not only between the police and blacks but also those involving blacks and blacks19. He discusses the protests on court cases involving blacks and the role of black music labels in putting pressure on such cases as they involve blacks and police officers. He says this trend of rap creations changed to black people killing other black people and eventually the focus was shifted to the prison environment, but still talks about the gangster code of honor20. This has had the impact of society changing the focus on social political debate in regard to the realities that black people face, as these forces change. In this chapter Ogbar demonstrates how the social political changes in America are looked at within the confines of black stereotypes as portrayed in hip-hop culture and that is how revolution has occurred21 The book in a wider context While Ogbar represents a lot of experience about hip –hop culture in this book , he gives a somehow one sided story, on the artists and their fans point of view, and fails to do an analysis of what a cross sectional group of people may view this culture. He does not also seem to remove himself completely from the play of the lyrics of rap music and the truth it represents. He focuses on what the artists say in the lyrics and fails to look at the production on its whole. What the artists say in their music may not be what they are. While it is true that the gangster rappers may be forced to live their work due to the demands of their fans and the culture itself, and the fact that what they sing is the real situation, it still has a lot of room for creativity and play. He gives an example of such rappers who grew up in the lower income bracket and families in the inner city slums but, now live in fairly stable families and neighborhoods and have college degrees yet their rap presentations are those of gangsters. An example of this outside Ogbars book is Snoopy D oggy Dog, who is doing really well but still his music has gangster connotations. However, it would be paradoxical if Ogbar was to imply that these rappers cannot be some other people in the society while at the same time doing their gangster raps and this is where lyrical analysis really brings problems. This is the reason some scholars have gone beyond lyrical analysis to focus on field work, archival research and critical cultural analysis of impacts of hip-hop22. Ogbar manages in this book to give an overview of the development of rap music and hip-hop culture especially in the last fifteen years. This brings to life the expressions and experiences of a particular group of young people in our country, who through rap music express their views on a wide variety of issues ranging from congressional hearings, controversial artists, cultural issues and conflicts and political issues with boldness and incisiveness. This boldness surrounds the need to talk about prominent controversie s about race, class and gender. This controversy is displayed very well by male artists such as Jay-Z, Lil Wayne and 50 Cents whose origins in poor, urban environments are the real controversy. If one does not display these three bones of contention their being â€Å"real† is questioned23. Ogbar says in a later interview with a library website, Rorotoko that he got inspiration for this book from his experience and love for hip-hop since he was young, he tried rapping and break dancing while at the same time, he did hip-hop graffiti tagging. This is expended as he eventually became a scholar of history especially in the field of African American studies and hip-hop. Major criticism for his works on rap music and its influence on the society has been on the influence of its violent and vulgar lyrics on the youth especially the African American youth. He uses raw data from government agencies to show that in 2005, black youth high school graduate rate was record high despite the ir being highest consumers of hip-hop even though they are not majority consumers of rap music24. He also cites the 2006 educational achievement gap between blacks and whites being the narrowest of all time and this trend has been maintained. He also gives statistics of the dropping cases of teenage pregnancies with the 2005 being the lowest in history. In the civic awareness and participation, he says that the 2002 midterm elections saw the number of black 18-29 year old youth voters being highest among the white, Latino and Asian American in the country. In terms of crime, he cites the 2004 ever low black homicide rates at its least from 1940s25. The major problem as Ogbar says, facing African American people is the prison industrial complex which has the highest number of inmates than in any other country. African American forms the majority in these prisons making up nearly half of those incarcerated. In regard to this, the last chapter is devoted to discussing the stories that emerge from these institutions which are better represented through hip-hop and show how they affect not only black people and their families but also on the whole society. This is demonstrated in the art form through rappers posing behind bars, playing music videos in prison environments and making hip-hop magazines available in prisons. The main aim of this chapter as Ogbar states is to offer new perspectives on the discussions on the culture of hip-hop and show the main aim of the book itself which is to focus on the main debates in the public domain26. Ogbar says that his main aim of the book is not to engage those in the hip-hop debates, he wanted to give voice to the center of the debate; the rappers who eloquently criticize those involved in the maligning debate of hip-hop. The book looks at the hip-hop groups and what their views on the culture, and what the reality of life is. It gives space to groups such as Jurassic 5, Roots and Mos Def who has developed their own standar ds on what hip-hop is all about and which is far from other commercial rappers such as Lil Wayne, 50 Cent and young Jeezy. All these contribute to the discussion of what social issues are to them. Conclusion Ogbar, in this book explores the culture and politics of hip-hop debate while at the same time giving a wide historic context and use of references from other works to present his analysis. He looks at rappers who have made a mark in the society while at the same time being successful and their contributions. He also looks at the policies, activism, race, gender, class and intellectual contribution to the hip-hop culture. This is presented in a manner that is easy to understand for all people in order to gain a deeper understanding of what really this is, and its diversity in the American society. This will also give those who do not understand hip-hop and understanding into the range of expressions among rapper artists. Ogbar, also gives an account of history that is geared tow ards drawing a parallel between Harlem renaissance that happened in the 1920s and the hip-hop revolution which he hopes will be used in the exploration of gender, class and race issues in future. This is also gives a good exploration of the historical debates focusing on African Americans on the socio-economic and demographic fronts in the last forty years especially in regard to young people. This, however, does not go down criticized as by some scholars say that he should move from lyrical analysis due to its limitations to include field work, research and analysis of cultural aspects touching on hip-hop and its impacts. Works Cited Anderson, Elijah. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner  City. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2000. Bynoe, Yvonne. Encyclopedia of Rap and Hip Hop Culture. USA: Greenwood Press,  2006. Cobb, William. To the Breakof Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetics. New  York: New York Universtiy Press, 2006. Forman, M urray and Mark Neal. Thats the joint: the hip-hop studies reader. United  States of America: Routledge, 2004. Johnson, Imani. â€Å"Review of Ogbar, Jeffrey Ogbonna Green, Hip-Hop Revolution: The  Culture and Politics of Rap.† 2008. H-Net Reviews. 8 October 2011 https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14673. Ogbar, Jeffrey. Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity. USA: JHU  Press, 2004. Ogbar, Jeffrey. On his book Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009 Perkins, William. Dropping Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture.  USA: Temple University Press, 1996. Perry, Imani. Prophets of the Hood: Politics and Poetics in Hip Hop. USA: Duke  University Press, 2004. Potter, Russel. Spectacular vernaculars: hip-hop and the politics of postmodernism.  New York: SUNY Press, 1995. Rabaka, Reiland. Hip Hop’s Inheritance:From the Harlem Renaissance to the Hip Hop  Femin ist Movement. United States of America: Lexington Books, 2010. Rivera, Raquel. New York Ricans in the Hip-hop Zone. Unted States of America: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Romano, Renee. The civil irhts movement in American memory. United States of America: University of Georgia Press, 2004. Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America  (Music Culture). United States of America: Wesleyan, 1994. Rose, Tricia. The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop– and Why It Matters. United States of America: Basic Civitas Books, 2007. Footnotes 1 Perry, Imani. Prophets of the Hood: Politics and Poetics in Hip Hop (USA: DukeUniversity Press, 2004) 40. 2 Romano, Renee. The civil irhts movement in American memory (United States of  America: University of Georgia Press, 2004) 11. 3 Cobb, William. To the Breakof Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetics (New  York: New York Universtiy Press, 2006) 102. 4Forman, Murray and Mark Neal. Th ats the joint: the hip-hop studies reader (United States of America: Routledge, 2004) 43. 5Potter, Russel. Spectacular vernaculars: hip-hop and the politics of postmodernism (New York: SUNY Press, 1995) 25. 6 Forman and Neal 17. 7 Bynoe, Yvonne. Encyclopedia of Rap and Hip Hop Culture (USA: Greenwood Press,  2006) 186. 8 Ogbar, Jeffrey. Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity (USA: JHU Press, 2004) 89. 9 Anderson, Elijah. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2000) 18. 10 Ogbar, Jeffrey. On his book Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. (Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009)152. 11 Ogbar, Jeffrey. On his book Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. (Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009) 153 12 Ogbar, Jeffrey. On his book Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. (Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009) 66. 13 Ogbar, Jeffrey. On hi s book Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. (Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009) 103. 14 Perkins, William. Dropping Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture (USA: Temple University Press, 1996) 205. 15Ogbar, Jeffrey. On his book Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. (Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009) 98. 16 Ogbar, Jeffrey. On his book Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. (Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009) 103. 17 Rabaka, Reiland. Hip Hop’s Inheritance:From the Harlem Renaissance to the Hip Hop Feminist Movement (United States of America: Lexington Books, 2010) 12. 18 Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America (Music Culture) (United States of America: Wesleyan, 1994) 14. 19 Ogbar, Jeffrey. On his book Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. (Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009)153. 20 Ogbar, Jeffrey. On his book Hip-Hop Re volution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. (Washington: University Press of Kansas, 2009) 156. 21Rose 14. 22 Anderson 29. 23 Rose, The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop–and Why It Matters 19. 24 Romano 24 25Forman and Neal 49. 26 Potter 20. This book review on Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar, Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap was written and submitted by user Cannon Ortega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What is an Ellipsis

What is an Ellipsis What Is an Ellipsis? Ellipses are punctuation marks that are useful in academic writing, where there is sometimes a need to quote sources at length. This is because ellipses indicate when something has been left out from a quote, helping you to express yourself succinctly. Despite this important role, many people are unsure about how and when to use ellipses. As such, we’ve prepared this guide on how to quote elliptically. Overview: What Is an Ellipsis? As mentioned above, an ellipsis is a punctuation mark indicating an omission from a quotation, typically presented as a set of three periods ( †¦ ). An ellipsis can thus be used to emphasize important points when quoting lengthy passages by omitting excess detail: The popularity of the owl †¦ stems from its design for coping with, and hunting in, the darkness. Enormous frontal eyes stare out from cheek-like facial discs, and they have †¦ highly developed ears: Both are part of the owl’s equipment for homing in on elusive and alert prey. In the above passage, additional details have been removed to focus on two features (â€Å"enormous frontal eyes† and â€Å"highly developed ears†). It is important, however, that the amended text still makes a complete sentence, so read it back to yourself after making any omissions. Presentation The most common version of an ellipsis is the one used in the above passage (i.e., three dots with a space before and after the ellipsis). However, conventions differ depending on the style guide used, so remember to check whether your school specifies a style. Variations you may see include: Three dots with no spaces on either side (e.g., There is something†¦missing here.) Three dots with spaces between them (e.g., There is something . . . missing here.) Three dots enclosed within square brackets (e.g., There is something [†¦] missing here.) Usually, as long as you use a clear and consistent style, the type of ellipses you use will not be a major issue. Informal Writing You may also see ellipses in less formal writing, where they are often used†¦ wait for it†¦ to indicate a dramatic or comic pause! In these cases there will sometimes be no space before the ellipsis. However, there is usually a space afterwards to indicate the end of the pause. Alternatively, if used at the end of a sentence, an ellipsis can indicate a thought or utterance trailing away to nothing without a satisfying†¦

Culture Jamming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Culture Jamming - Essay Example Photoshop and interceptions-counter-messages. Over the years, jammers argue that they usually do not alter ad’s message but are exposing, improving, correcting or rather modifying them. A billboard artist, however, said that an excellent jam does not directly rescript a precisely different meaning but drafts the deeper message of substitute advertisement. Jamming is only a productive act if done to the right of the society; Rodriguez de Granada is an example of a jammer with the well-meant intention of the same. Jamming disagrees with marketing as a one-way conveyance of information; people should have the right to respond to images they did not ask for their display. Rodriguez de Granada , one of the founders of jamming was a highly skilled and innovative jammer. Rodriguez, a 31-year-old man, would be seen in the city of New York altering ads in broad daylight. The reason to why he was not arrested was because he would reason out with the police why he did talking them out of arresting him in a couple of incidences. Rodriguez de Granada jammed for a good course, and unlike other artists, he did not fancy the term guerrilla art but termed it as, citizen art. He believed practicing jamming in daylight was a regular mode of communicating with the society democratically. Rodriguez explains his main reason for jamming was to wipe out advertisers habit to glamorize hard alcoholic products and addictive drugs like tobacco on billboards. Ads on beer and cigarettes featured provocative models that create an enticing image in children’s mind especially those living in the ghettos felt compelled to elope. Rodriguez de Granada argued the importance o f jamming was to the culture at large. He intended his work to be a part of the community’s way of life; he wanted people to engage in his work. Children stood to watch as he transformed ads while others participated e.g. holding the ladder for him while he. He wanted

Discuss Nathanael Greene's Southern campaign. Why do some historians Essay

Discuss Nathanael Greene's Southern campaign. Why do some historians view Greene as being second only to Washington in importance in winning the war - Essay Example Greene was handed the responsibility of leading the then weak Revolutionary southern army that had already been led by three commanders who failed in their duties (Golway, 2005). He was given the duty of commanding the war against the British occupation of the south. With a small and poorly trained army, he was up against a more established and experienced British army. With the awareness that his troops were not able to win large and decisive wars, he planned brief and sudden attacks against the prominent British army. He took a bold step to divide his army into smaller groups, forcing the British troops to do the same (Tucker, 2009). He then ordered the Continental army to retreat, and the British, without realizing the tactic used against them, followed the Continental army. This drove the British army further away from their supply base, making them weaker and eventually losing the battle (Tucker, 2009). Some historians view Greene as second to Washington in the importance of winning the war because he was appointed by Washington and took orders from him (Carbone, 2008). He also succeeded where three other commanders had failed. In the same way like Washington, he was gifted with the ability to use small means to a significant advantage (Carbone,

Trafficking Of African Women and Girls Essay Example for Free

Trafficking Of African Women and Girls Essay Part 1: Problem: Human trafficking tarnishes the global scene today, as slavery used to decades ago. The women and girls are vulnerable to exploitation within the country as well as out of the country. The trafficking of women and girls for prostitution is a big business. The horrific experiences of migrant women and girls, who have very little choice or control over their lives is a sad tale. Women are made to work in extremely exploitive conditions of sexual exploitation, forced to risky practices, high levels of exposure to HIV, threat, violence and even murder. The trafficking of women is th third largest profit making business which runs in the form of organized crime. It is just little behind the practices in the field of drug deals and arms deals. Human trafficking denotes business with human souls and spirit, which is inhuman. Africa needs to establish stronger laws against trafficking of women and girls, supported by Commonwealth, Amnesty International, Human Rights and other world forums. International Law under the rules defined by human rights with the support of United Nations, needs to play a very proactive role in safeguarding and protecting the victims who have been subjected to trafficking. The doctrine of International law needs to be more defined to help and support individual within the state rather than the protection of the state alone. In the past â€Å"International Law was notorious for the ease with which it sanctioned violence against non-western people† (Bal Krishnan Rajagopal, 2003.p.11) in the colonial set-up. The advocates of International Law should avoid the previous path of resistance to interfere in the issues related to domestic events and violence. Rather it should actively get involved to address such issues and help the government and the local bodies take effective steps to control such problem. The law enforcement authorities need to put together an effective plan to ensure safety and forced exploitation. The cross border laws need to get tighter so that loopholes may not be wrongfully used by people to migrate across borders illegally for better prospects and then being exploited to prostitution and forced labor. The universal definition of trafficking as formulated by Human Rights can be briefed in this summary and statement. It defines trafficking in persons as the employment, carrying, transfer, possession or delivery of persons, by the use of intimidation or compulsion in which some kind of kidnapping, cheating, deceit, oppression and exploitation is used. It further states that any exchange (giving or receiving) of expenses in the form of payment or profit to induce a person to give consent in the situation when a person is having control over the other person, for the deceptive purpose of exploitation ( even if the person has given consent) comes under the practice of trafficking. Exploitation has been further expanded to define exploitation for the purpose of prostitution which means sexual exploitation in various models. It also includes forced labor of services, slavery or practices similar to slavery in some form of servitude. This definition has been formulated as the draft of the international definition of trafficking so that there is universal understanding with clear guidelines which can help identify the problem of trafficking in different regions and different communities. This can help prevent, stop and punish the trafficking persons especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. (Raymond and Hughes, 2001) The international recognition of a common definition would help come to uniform legal action taken against the perpetrators so that effective law and enforcement can be executed. Some of the key questions which have been addressed are who are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation whether it is across borders or within countries, with or without their consent, through force, fraud, deception or abuse of the victim who is vulnerable. Human trafficking is what leads to prostitution, so any measures taken to make anti-trafficking policies should take into consideration the issue of organized prostitution and domestic trafficking. Human Rights legislation against trafficking must apply to the international as well as domestic women across the platform. (Raymond and Hughes, 2001) Human trafficking is one of the most inhuman and harsh crimes which give rise to innumerable victims, mostly young women and girls, who are forced into prostitution or forced labor. They have to live their everyday life under threat, violence and captivity with no hope and no direction as to where there life will lead. This is a life worst than an animal. Most of the exploiters are men or sometimes women who have been through such abuse themselves. Mostly this results from a rosy dream to have a better life, a financial burden, acute poverty and abuse. Human trafficking is mostly an underground activity involved in providing sexual services to legitimate clubs, brothels and agencies. The most unique aspect of this type of trade is that in this case a human body is traded instead of commodity. (2006) Part 2 International Law:Migration It is very urgent to recognize that women rights should be applied universally to grant women equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity like all other deserving human beings. These rights and principles are enshrined in international instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1993). This resolution will strengthen the process to address that violence against women is an obstacle in achieving equality, development and peace, so serious strategies need to be implemented to fight violence and abuse and exploitation against women. Most of the women who entered United States came on tourist visas and overstayed their visas. Sometimes they would use fraudulent travel documents. Some of the legal means by which they entered United States were on spousal visas, student visa, and work permit and on rare occasion with an immigration green card. These variety of different ways in which a person can enter another country, are major loopholes which are used by the traffickers to be successful in their mission. It requires more strict check on the part of the law enforcement and immigration officials. The success of the trafficker is often supported by the network of the local legitimate businesses such as hotels, bars, travel agencies which flourish as the result pf cooperation and corruption of the immigration and law enforcement agents worldwide (Raymond and Hughes, 2001). Trafficking flourishes for the major part because the victims want to migrate to a particular country other than their own for innumerable reasons. This requires cooperation and great deal of border crossing from one country to another. It is greatly affected by the demand and the supply, as determined by the current wave. The demand and the supply aspect of human commodity has not always been the same. Over last twenty years four waves have been seen to influence the migrants heading to Europe. The first wave was characterized by women from Far East, especially from the Philippines and Thailand, this was immediately followed by the second wave of women originating from Latin America, the Dominican Republic and Colombia, the third wave consisted of women from Africa, and in particular Ghana and Nigeria followed in nineties by women from Ukraine and Moldova. (2006). Most of the trafficking groups have networks which are of a multinational and multi-ethnical nature; this makes the cross-border operation an easy route for vast majority of trafficking cases. Most of the people who are involved in this discreet business and perpetrate trafficking are restricted to the confines of the geographical boundaries of the country or the countries where the victims are recruited, the countries where they are transported and finally the countries where they are ultimately and eventually exploited. Very few traffickers have moved up to the level of international scale of operation and network, where they recruit and transport to different countries. Some of the names which crop up significantly in this field are the Albanian traffickers, the Nigerian traffickers and the Turkish traffickers (2006) The general studies in organized crime reveal that women are not very involved in the crime activities, but in the world of human trafficking which is dominated by male, women play the roles of the accomplices in three different ways: they are the recruiters, sometimes former victim becomes offenders and in case of Nigerian groups: women play very important role in trafficking as a culturally embedded involvement. The strategy used by the trafficking organizations is to deploy women as the recruiter to help them get the first initial contact, which can further be manipulated to overcome the initial suspicion of the victim. Thus women play the safe role to entice, comfort and then exploit the other women. Several reports mention that women are used as a trap by showing off their wealth and social status, to get the younger women to aspire and aim for the same glitter and shine, leading to the path of darkness and dungeon. In Nigeria these women perpetrators play a very important role and are referred to as Madame. These Madame’s are former victims and they work as intermediary between the prostitutes and the traffickers. Nigeria plays a very significant role in the organized trafficking specially in the European countries. The study done by the Nigerian Ploice Force and the Women Trafficking and Child Labor Eradication Foundation (WOTCLEF) has come up with the estimate that the number of women who are trafficked out of the country shows sharp increase in the numbers from 1126 in 1999 to 5000 in the year 2001. Nigerian women constitute to about 80% of the workers in the sex industry of Italy. Some of the other European countries which are common destinations for these women are Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Austria and the United Kingdom. The destinations vary in their acceptance and legal privileges. Italy is the only European country where majority of legally resident Nigerians are women. (2006). There is a clear connection between the trafficking and its roots in Nigeria, this is directly related to high level of corruption in both public and private sectors. The trafficking is a self propelling vicious cycle, which moves on from victims becoming trafficker. It always begins with a pact, which keeps on increasing with penalties and punishments, and the best option to clear the debt is to continue to work for freedom and eventually become a Madame. In Nigeria traffickers do not always have to recruit victims; many times victims come to them. It is a very open trafficking market, where many times girls are put under pressure by the family to get involved with trafficking. . â€Å"In Nigeria the ‘classy lady’ is called the Italo: women who return to Nigeria after a couple of years of prostitution in Italy†. (2006). International Law needs to play a dynamic role in the internal momentum to curb corruption and support international institutions to take active role in creating awareness and safeguarding the rights of its women and girls. There are several push and pull factor of economic, political and social nature which encourages the victim, to fall prey to the trafficker. The victims are vulnerable and dependent on the trafficker for they are involved in a business which is illegal and ill-reputed. It is a very complex regulation issue for the law enforcement authorities to control and regulate the complex nature of human trafficking. The migrant women and girls have very limited choice or control over their lives. In this new era of globalization, these women and girls are the new slaves of the contemporary era. The attractiveness of this industry on the international level as an organized crime network is estimated at $7 billion USD. The monetary return keeps the practice alive and creeping at a very high rate. A trafficker can buy a girl in China for $20/- to $30/- USD and can sell her in San Francisco for $3000/- USD. Monzini, Paola (2005). Human trafficking, the modern euphemism for slavery, is a major problem in Africa. The trafficking in women and girls is now considered the third largest source of profit for organized crime, behind only drugs and arms. This situation has resulted in a very high number of women who are forced to compete for work in the conditions of excessive social exploitation and are forced to risky practices which ultimately leads to very high levels of HIV, brutality and slaughter. The practices which are considered standard in this kind of marketplace are often very harsh and extremely brutal. It is like slow, dark and dreadful death of the body and the soul (Mon zini, Paola (2005). The term declaration of â€Å"violence against women† implies any act of gender based violence which causes or is likely to cause any kind of physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to the women. These acts are very well defined as acts of intimidation and force or illogical withdrawal of the freedom in the public or the private life. Women like men are allowed to have pleasure and gratification just like men. They also need the security of all human rights and fundamental freedoms which are considered necessary for good living. They need for their growth and development freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. They need the sanction of the same rights as the right to life, equality, liberty and security as an individual. They also need the right of equal protection under the law, freedom from all forms of discrimination, the right to seek the best physical and mental health, right to work in just and humane conditions. They specially need the right to be protected against torture or cruelty, where inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment is practiced. The state has the responsibility to attack such practices of violence against women and should restrict any such customs, traditions and religious practices which enforce such inhuman practices. State should immediately and forcefully intervene in curbing any such practices by introducing a sound policy which enacts without delay to eliminate violence against women. The different branches and the specialized agencies of the United Nations within their respective fields of operation should acknowledge the recognition of the rights and principles which has been mentioned and acknowledged within the Declaration. The Declaration is like the flashlight highlighting the misery of the women and showing them the course of action which could save them from this peril. It gives the essential guidelines for awareness and self recovery (1993). Part 3 Viable Change: Poverty, social disruption and family pressures and even natural disasters sow the seeds for the practice, while armed conflict, corrupt governments and a universal demand for cheap labor help reap the crops of new victims. Africa needs to establish stronger laws against the trafficking of women and children on and from the continent as well as better child-labor laws, a former U.S. ambassador to Madagascar told members of the newly reconstituted Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. One should investigation into the causes and forms of violence against women, looking at the relationship between poverty, militarization and discrimination.. Amnesty International shows how women have led campaigns against all forms of violence and have achieved dramatic changes in laws, policies and practices. This is an inhuman condition which cannot be allowed to emerge, as it tarnishes the color of human race and civilized society. There is a complex push and pull factors which determine the nature of trafficking and the vicious cycle which it creates. It is a complex mixture of circumstances and the reasons why people want to leave their country to migrate to another country with dreams of better and brighter future. Some of the key factors which push the victim to take such a drastic step can be categorized as socio-economic push factor which is a lure to amore wealthier country for escape from poverty and desire for better or wealthier lifestyle. Sometimes the decision to migrate is backed by desire to support the family financially and dream to ensure better future for the children. Some just want to have high social status with modern and emancipated lifestyle. In some societies and cultures women are not given the freedom to growth and good life. These cultural factors can push a woman to leave their woman-unfriendly atmosphere where she does not have the same chance as men to education and career. Political circumstances, turmoil and civic unrest can also be factors which may motivate a woman to take refuge to some other country where difficulty and threat to life would be less. Some of the other factors which might play a significant role in migration could be alcoholism, drug addiction, criminality, maltreatment in the social proximity of a person. These factors lead to unemployment and poverty, which leads to migration and trafficking. Some of the pull factors are opportunities for better life and future, with employment and lack of poverty. The prospect of brighter and wealthier lifestyle in the west is a great lure. The demand for prostitutes and the demand for services, in wide variety of areas can be a temptation for taking the step to leave the security of the country to migrate in another country. (2006). A very serious concern for national and international institutions should be the health effects of sex trafficking and prostitution. The investigation in medical and social sciences indicate rates of high incidence of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in certain populations of women in prostitution. The physical and emotional effects and aftereffects of trafficking and prostitution on women is also a great concern for health care providers and social service providers. A considerable number of women suffer from various health problems related to violence and sexual exploitation. The nature of their injuries is similar to those of women who are battered, raped and sexually assaulted. Their situation is grim and their plight is miserable. The fundamental source of trafficking is the lack of awareness, insufficient support, lack of education, vulnerability of women as a gender. On an international scene explosion of organized crime and easy access to transportation of â€Å"Humans: women and girls† across border with a promise for better and brighter picture. The dependant status of this gender further encourages trapped into such practices, even without conscious will. The national consciousness’, international legal support and geographic migration laws have to join hands to bring about effective change in the depressing condition of women and girls in Africa. The human rights should play a forceful role backed by powerful countries to support in aid and legislation with severe penalties for the offenders. This is an inhuman condition which cannot be allowed to emerge, as it tarnishes the color of human race and civilized society. Countries, organization and people should unite to fight against and encounter the grim condition emerging on the African soil. One should tap into the greatest resource in Africa: Women and give them a bright and promising future. Rajgopal, offers great insight into this field with his research experience in South and Southeast Asia, South Africa and Brazil. His current investigation into four areas of research: : new democratic and legal strategies for making operational the socio-economic rights, especially rights to water, food, land, housing, and environment in India, South Africa and Brazil; the impact of globalization and decentralization on protection of human rights; the accountability of international organizations; and corporate compliance with human rights law. He helped establish first human-rights field office in Cambodia Helped establish the first human-rights field office of the United Nations in the mid-1990s and has been a consultant to several international organizations and NGOs on development-related human rights and legal issues. Member of the Asia Advisory Board of Human Rights Watch, the Executive Council of the American Society of International Law and the International Advisory Board of the Robert Kennedy Memorial Center for Human Rights. The idea of International Human Rights is western in origin; rather non-western societies did not have a conception of human rights. Now that the world has become so global the countries should unite to fight this war of exploitation and slavery hideously practiced by the traffickers hiding under the mask of businesses, law enforcement and predators. Jack Donnelly puts it. â€Å"human rights represent a distinctive set of social practices, tied to particular notions of human dignity, that initially arose in the modern west in response to the social and political changes produced by modern states and modern capitalist market economies†. (Bal Krishnan Rajagopal,2003, p.175) International Law should find a way to penetrate and resist the violence and torture of any kind inflicted on any woman and girl, in any country, by implementing forceful laws which issue severe penalties, restrict illegal migration and punish the organized trafficking institution. The government should protect the victim, raise their realistic awareness and provide safer domestic environment. The recognition of the rights and the penalties for the offenders can ensure the safety of these victims, who are waiting to be saved from the tyranny of physical torture, psychological degradation and social elimination. They deserve a normal human life like every other individual and they should be guaranteed this without condition. Annotated Bibliography 1. Akintunde, Dorcas Olu Labeodan Helen (2002) WOMEN AND THE CULTURE OF VIOLENCE IN TRADITIONAL AFRICA. Nigeria, Sefer Books Ltd. This is a collection of essays first presented at the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians on February 5, 2002. These papers look at a variety of issues concerned with womens rights in Africa. The authors describe the realities of equal rights policies, sex and power, cultural roots of insecurity. 2. Amnesty International (2004) ITS IN OUR HANDS: Stop Violence Against Women. United Kingdom: Amnesty International. This is an investigation into the causes and forms of violence against women, looking at the relationship between poverty, militarization and discrimination. Amnesty International shows how women have led campaigns against all forms of violence and have achieved dramatic changes in laws, policies and practices. 3. Bal Krishnan Rajagopal.( 2003) International Law from Below : Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance. United States, Cambridge University Press. The emergence of transnational social movements as major actors in international politics as witnessed in Seattle in 1999 and elsewhere has sent shockwaves through the international system. Many questions have arisen about the legitimacy, coherence and efficiency of the international order in the light of the challenges posed by social movements. This ground-breaking book offers a fundamental critique of twentieth-century international law from the perspective of Third World social movements the first ever to do so. It examines in detail the growth of two key components of modern international law international institutions and human rights in the context of changing historical patterns of Third World resistance. Using a historical and interdisciplinary approach, Rajagopal presents compelling evidence challenging current debates on the evolution of norms and institutions, the meaning and nature of the Third World, as well as the political economy of its involvement in the international system. 4. Commonwealth Secretariat (2003) REPORT OF THE EXPERT GROUP ON STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING THE TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN. United Kingdom: Commonwealth Secretariat. The trafficking in women and girls is now considered the third largest source of profit for organized crime, behind only drugs and arms. This concise report describes the political and social background to the trade across the Commonwealth and looks at prevention strategies and assistance to victims. Bib 5. Hallam, Rebecca (1994) CRIMES WITHOUT PUNISHMENT: Sexual Harassment and violence Against Female Students in Schools and Universities in Africa. United kingdom: African Rights. This is a discussion paper addressing the widespread and persistent problem of sexual harassment and violence against women and girls in educational institutions in Africa. The paper also deals with wider problems of teenage pregnancy and lack of sex education in schools, and the specific problem of rape by forces of the state, such as soldiers and policemen. 6. Human Rights Watch (2002) THE WAR WITHIN THE WAR: Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo.USA Africa Watch/ Human Rights Forces on all sides in the Congo conflict have committed war crimes against women and girls, Human Rights Watch said in a new 114-page report. The report documents the frequent and sometimes systematic use of rape and other forms of sexual violence in the Rwandan-occupied areas of eastern Congo. 7. Monzini, Paola (2005) SEX TRAFFIC: Prostitution, Crime, and Exploitation.United kingdom: Zed Books. The trafficking of women and girls for prostitution is big business. This book focuses on the experiences of migrant women and girls who have very little choice or control over their lives. Women are forced to compete for work in conditions of extreme sexual exploitation, often being exposed to risky sexual practices, high levels of HIV, violence and murder. This book examines the techniques of recruitment, methods of transportation, and forms of exploitation abroad, and focuses on womens own experiences of migration. It explains the mechanisms of supply and demand and assesses attempts at controlling trafficking and strategies for resistance and change. 8. Oguli Oumo, Margaret; Molokomme, Imelda M.; Gwaba, Monde M. Mogegeh, Valencia K.D (2002) PROMOTING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO COMBAT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE: A training manual. United Kingdom: Commonwealth Secretariat This is a manual promoting an integrating approach to combat gender based violence with governments, non governmental organizations, private sector and international organizations working together. It includes instructional material and case studies for training trainers, middle level professionals, development workers and extension agents 9. (20 December 1993). Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. Retrieved March 29, 2007, from Office Of The United Nations High Commissioner For Human Rights Web site: www.ohchr.org/english/law/eliminationvaw.htm (1993) 10. Raymond and Hughes, Janice G. and Donna M. (March 2001). SEX TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN. Retrieved March 29, 2007, from Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Web site: action.web.ca/home/catw/attach/sex_traff_us.pdf (Raymond and Hughes, 2001) 11. (2006). TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS:. Retrieved March 29, 2007, from Assesing Organized Crime Web site: www.assessingorganisedcrime.net/publications/AOC-DLV17-vR3.pdf